Lesson-12.1.6- Describe how the reflection of sound may produce an echo.

Lesson-12.1.5- Relate the loudness and pitch of sound waves to amplitude and frequency.

Lesson-12.1.4- Describe an experiment to determine the speed of sound in air.

Lesson-12.1.3- Show an understanding of the term ultrasound • Show an understanding that a medium is needed to transmit sound waves.

Lesson-12.1.2- State that the approximate range of audible frequencies for a healthy human ear is 20 Hz to 20 000 Hz

Lesson-12.1.1- Describe the production of sound by vibrating sources. Describe the longitudinal nature of sound waves.

Lesson-11.1.5- Demonstrate an awareness of safety issues regarding the use of microwaves and X-rays

Lesson-11.1.4- Describe typical properties and uses of radiations in all the different regions of the electromagnetic spectrum including: – electrical appliances, remote controllers for televisions and intruder alarms (infrared) – medicine and securit

Lesson-11.1.3- Describe typical properties and uses of radiations in all the different regions of the electromagnetic spectrum including: – radio and television communications (radio waves) – satellite television and telephones (microwaves).

Lesson-11.1.2- State that all electromagnetic waves travel with the same high speed in a vacuum.

Lesson-11.1.1- Describe the main features of the electromagnetic spectrum in order of wavelength.

Lesson-10.3.4- Give a qualitative account of the dispersion of light as shown by the action on light of a glass prism including the seven colours of the spectrum in their correct order.

Lesson-10.3.3- Describe the nature of an image using the terms enlarged/same size/diminished and upright/ inverted.

Lesson-10.3.2- Use the terms principal focus and focal length • Draw ray diagrams for the formation of a real image by a single lens.

Lesson-10.3.1- Describe the action of a thin converging lens on a beam of light.

Lesson-10.2.3- Give the meaning of critical angle • Describe internal and total internal reflection.

Lesson-10.2.2- Use the terminology for the angle of incidence i and angle of refraction r and describe the passage of light through parallel-sided transparent material.

Lesson-10.2.1- Describe an experimental demonstration of the refraction of light.

Lesson-10.1.2- Recall and use the law angle of incidence = angle of reflection.

Lesson-10.1.1- Describe the formation of an optical image by a plane mirror, and give its characteristics.

Lesson-9.1.6- Describe the use of water waves to demonstrate reflection, refraction and diffraction.

Lesson-9.1.5- Describe how waves can undergo: – reflection at a plane surface – refraction due to a change of speed – diffraction through a narrow gap.

Lesson-9.1.4- Distinguish between transverse and longitudinal waves and give suitable examples.

Lesson-9.1.3- Use the term wavefront • Give the meaning of speed, frequency, wavelength and amplitude.

Lesson-9.1.2- Describe what is meant by wave motion as illustrated by vibration in ropes and springs and by experiments using water waves.

Lesson-9.1.1- Demonstrate understanding that waves transfer energy without transferring matter.

Lesson-8.3.4- Relate (without calculation) the pressure beneath a liquid surface to depth and to density, using appropriate examples • Use and describe the use of a manometer.

Lesson-8.3.3- Describe the simple mercury barometer and its use in measuring atmospheric pressure.

Lesson-8.3.2- Relate pressure to force and area, using appropriate examples.

Lesson-8.3.1- Recall and use the equation p = F/A

Lesson-8.2.3- Relate (without calculation) power to work done and time taken, using appropriate examples.

Lesson-8.2.2- Relate (without calculation) work done to the magnitude of a force and the distance moved in the direction of the force.

Lesson-8.2.1- Demonstrate understanding that work done = energy transferred.

Lesson-8.1.7- Recall and use the equations: efficiency = useful energy output/ energy input × 100%

Lesson-8.1.6- Give advantages and disadvantages of each method in terms of renewability, cost, reliability, scale and environmental impact.

Lesson-8.1.5- Describe how electricity or other useful forms of energy may be obtained from: – geothermal resources – nuclear fission – heat and light from the Sun (solar cells and panels) – wind.

Lesson-8.1.4- Describe how electricity or other useful forms of energy may be obtained from: – chemical energy stored in fuel – water, including the energy stored in waves, in tides, and in water behind hydroelectric dams.

Lesson-8.1.3- Apply the principle of conservation of energy to simple examples.

Lesson-8.1.2- Recognise that energy is transferred during events and processes, including examples of transfer by forces (mechanical working), by electrical currents (electrical working), by heating and by waves.

Lesson-8.1.1- Identify changes in kinetic, gravitational potential, chemical, elastic (strain), nuclear and internal energy that have occurred as a result of an event or process.

Lesson-7.4.4- Apply the principle of the conservation of momentum to solve simple problems in one dimension.

Lesson-7.4.3- Recall and use the equation for impulse Ft = mv – mu.

Lesson-7.4.2- Recall and use the equation momentum = mass × velocity, p = mv

Lesson-7.4.1- Understand the concepts of momentum and impulse.

Lesson-7.3.4- Determine graphically the resultant of two vectors.

Lesson-7.3.3- Understand that vectors have a magnitude and direction.Demonstrate an understanding of the difference between scalars and vectors and give common examples.

Lesson-7.3.2- Describe qualitatively the effect of the position of the centre of mass on the stability of simple objects.

Lesson-7.3.1- Perform and describe an experiment to determine the position of the centre of mass of a plane lamina.

Lesson-7.2.5- Recognise that, when there is no resultant force and no resultant turning effect, a system is in equilibrium.

Lesson-7.2.4- Apply the principle of moments to the balancing of a beam about a pivot.

Lesson-7.2.3- Calculate moment using the product force × perpendicular distance from the pivot

Lesson-7.2.2- Understand that increasing force or distance from the pivot increases the moment of a force.

Lesson-7.2.1- Describe the moment of a force as a measure of its turning effect and give everyday examples.

Lesson-7.1.7- Describe qualitatively motion in a circular path due to a perpendicular force (F = mv 2/r is not required).

Lesson-7.1.6- Understand friction as the force between two surfaces which impedes motion and results in heating • Recognise air resistance as a form of friction

Lesson-7.1.5- the relationship between force, mass and acceleration (including the direction), F = ma

Lesson-7.1.4- Recognise that if there is no resultant force on a body it either remains at rest or continues at constant speed in a straight line.

Lesson-7.1.3- Describe the ways in which a force may change the motion of a body. Find the resultant of two or more forces acting along the same line.

Lesson-7.1.2- Plot and interpret extension–load graphs and describe the associated experimental procedure.

Lesson-7.1.1- Recognise that a force may produce a change in size and shape of a body.

Lesson-6.1.7- Predict whether an object will float based on density data.

Lesson-6.1.6- Describe the determination of the density of an irregularly shaped solid by the method of displacement.

Lesson-6.1.5- Describe an experiment to determine the density of a liquid and of a regularly shaped solid and make the necessary calculation.

Lesson-6.1.4- Recall and use the equation ρ = m/V

Lesson-6.1.3- Demonstrate understanding that weights (and hence masses) may be compared using a balance.

Lesson-6.1.2- Recall and use the equation W = mg.

Lesson-6.1.1- Show familiarity with the idea of the mass of a body. State that weight is a gravitational force • Distinguish between mass and weight.

Lesson-5.1.6- State that the acceleration of free fall for a body near to the Earth is constant.

Lesson-5.1.5- Demonstrate understanding that acceleration and deceleration are related to changing speed including qualitative analysis of the gradient of a speed–time graph.

Lesson-5.1.4- Calculate the area under a speed–time graph to work out the distance travelled for motion with constant acceleration.

Lesson-5.1.3- Recognise from the shape of a speed–time graph when a body is – at rest – moving with constant speed – moving with changing speed.

Lesson-5.1.2- Plot and interpret a speed–time graph or a distance–time graph.

Lesson-5.1.1- Define speed and calculate average speed from= total distance/ total time

Lesson-4.1.3- Obtain an average value for a small distance and for a short interval of time by measuring multiples (including the period of a pendulum).

Lesson-4.1.2- Use and describe the use of clocks and devices, both analogue and digital, for measuring an interval of time.

Lesson-4.1.1- Use and describe the use of rules and measuring cylinders to find a length or a volume.

Lesson-3.1.5- Identify and explain some of the everyday applications and consequences of conduction, convection and radiation.

Lesson-3.1.4- Describe the effect of surface colour (black or white) and texture (dull or shiny) on the emission, absorption and reflection of radiation.

Lesson-3.1.3- Identify infrared radiation as part of the electromagnetic spectrum. Recognise that thermal energy transfer by radiation does not require a medium.

Lesson-3.1.2- Recognise convection as an important method of thermal transfer in fluids. Relate convection in fluids to density changes and describe experiments to illustrate convection.

Lesson-3.1.1- Describe experiments to demonstrate the properties of good and bad thermal conductors.

Lesson-2.2.5- State the meaning of melting point and boiling point. Describe condensation and solidification in terms of molecules.

Lesson-2.2.4- Describe melting and boiling in terms of energy input without a change in temperature.

Lesson-2.2.3- Relate a rise in the temperature of a body to an increase in its internal energy. Show an understanding of what is meant by the thermal capacity of a body.

Lesson-2.2.2- Recognize the need for and identify fixed points. Describe and explain the structure and action of liquid-in-glass thermometers.

Lesson-2.2.1- Appreciate how a physical property that varies with temperature may be used for the measurement of temperature, and state examples of such properties.

Lesson-2.1.2- Identify and explain some of the everyday applications and consequences of thermal expansion.

Lesson-2.1.1- Thermal expansion of solids, liquids and gases. Thermal expansion of solids, liquids and gases.

Lesson-1.2.3- Describe qualitatively, in terms of molecules, the effect on the pressure of a gas of: – a change of temperature at constant volume – a change of volume at constant temperature.

Lesson-1.2.2- Relate evaporation to the consequent cooling of the liquid.

Lesson-1.2.1- Describe evaporation in terms of the escape of more-energetic molecules from the surface of a liquid.

Lesson-1.1.5- Describe this motion (sometimes known as Brownian motion) in terms of random molecular bombardment.

Lesson-1.1.4- Show an understanding of the random motion of particles in a suspension as evidence for the kinetic molecular model of matter.

Lesson-1.1.3-Interpret the temperature of a gas in terms of the motion of its molecules. Describe qualitatively the pressure of a gas in terms of the motion of its molecules.

Lesson-1.1.2- Describe qualitatively the molecular structure of solids, liquids and gases in terms of the arrangement, separation and motion of the molecules.

Lesson-1.1.1- States of matter. State the distinguishing properties of solids, liquids and gases.

Lesson-13.1.1- Describe the forces between magnets, and between magnets and magnetic materials.

Lesson-13.1.2- Give an account of induced magnetism • Distinguish between magnetic and non-magnetic materials.

Lesson-13.1.3- Describe methods of magnetisation, to include stroking with a magnet, use of direct current (d.c.) in a coil and hammering in a magnetic field.

Lesson-13.1.4- Draw the pattern of magnetic field lines around a bar magnet.

Lesson-13.1.5- Describe an experiment to identify the pattern of magnetic field lines, including the direction.

Lesson-13.1.6- Distinguish between the magnetic properties of soft iron and steel.

Lesson-13.1.7- Distinguish between the design and use of permanent magnets and electromagnets.

Lesson-14.1.1- State that there are positive and negative charges • State that unlike charges attract and that like charges repel.

Lesson-14.1.2- Describe simple experiments to show the production and detection of electrostatic charges.

Lesson-14.1.4- Distinguish between electrical conductors and insulators and give typical examples.

Lesson-14.2.1- Show understanding that a current is a rate of flow of charge and recall and use the equation I = Q/t.

Lesson-14.2.2- Use and describe the use of an ammeter, both analogue and digital • State that current in metals is due to a flow of electrons.

Lesson-14.3.1- • State that the electromotive force (e.m.f.) of an electrical source of energy is measured in volts.

Lesson-14.4.1- State that the potential difference (p.d.) across a circuit component is measured in volts.

Lesson-14.4.2- Use and describe the use of a voltmeter, both analogue and digital.

Lesson-14.5.1- State that resistance = p.d. / current and understand qualitatively how changes in p.d. or resistance affect current.

Lesson-14.5.2- Recall and use the equation R = V/I.

Lesson-14.5.3- Describe an experiment to determine resistance using a voltmeter and an ammeter.

Lesson-14.5.4- Relate (without calculation) the resistance of a wire to its length and to its diameter.

Lesson-14.5.5- Understand that electric circuits transfer energy from the battery or power source to the circuit components then into the surroundings.

Lesson-15.1.1- Draw and interpret circuit diagrams containing sources, switches, resistors (fixed and variable), heaters, thermistors, light-dependent resistors, lamps, ammeters, voltmeters, galvanometers, magnetising coils, transformers, bells, fuses and

Lesson-15.1.2- Understand that the current at every point in a series circuit is the same • Give the combined resistance of two or more resistors in series.

Lesson-15.1.3- State that, for a parallel circuit, the current from the source is larger than the current in each branch.

Lesson-15.1.4- State that the combined resistance of two resistors in parallel is less than that of either resistor by itself.

Lesson-15.1.5- State the advantages of connecting lamps in parallel in a lighting circuit.

Lesson-15.2.1- Describe the action of a variable potential divider (potentiometer).

Lesson-15.2.2- Describe the action of thermistors and light dependent resistors and show understanding of their use as input transducers.

Lesson-15.2.3- Describe the action of a relay and show understanding of its use in switching circuits.

Lesson-15.3.1- Explain and use the terms analogue and digital in terms of continuous variation and high/low states.

Lesson-15.3.2- Describe the action of NOT, AND, OR, NAND and NOR gates.

Lesson-15.3.3- Recall and use the symbols for logic gates • Design and understand simple digital circuits combining several logic gates.

Lesson-15.3.4- Use truth tables to describe the action of individual gates and simple combinations of gates.

Lesson-16.1.1- State the hazards of: – damaged insulation – overheating of cables – damp conditions.

Lesson-16.1.2- State that a fuse protects a circuit • Explain the use of fuses and circuit breakers and choose appropriate fuse ratings and circuit breaker settings.

Lesson-16.1.3- Explain the benefits of earthing metal cases

Lesson-16.2.1- Show understanding that a conductor moving across a magnetic field or a changing magnetic field linking with a conductor can induce an e.m.f. in the conductor.

Lesson-16.2.2- Describe an experiment to demonstrate electromagnetic induction.

Lesson-16.2.3- State the factors affecting the magnitude of an induced e.m.f.

Lesson-16.2.4- Describe and explain a rotating-coil generator and the use of slip rings • Sketch a graph of voltage output against time for a simple a.c. generator • Relate the position of the generator coil to the peaks and zeros of the voltage outpu

Lesson-16.3.1- Describe the construction of a basic transformer with a soft-iron core, as used for voltage transformations.

Lesson-16.3.2- Recall and use the equation (V p/Vs) = (Np/Ns)

Lesson-16.3.3- Understand the terms step-up and step-down • Describe the use of the transformer in high-voltage transmission of electricity.

Lesson-16.3.4- Give the advantages of high-voltage transmission.

Lesson-16.4.1- Describe the pattern of the magnetic field (including direction) due to currents in straight wires and in solenoids

Lesson-16.4.2- Describe applications of the magnetic effect of current, including the action of a relay.

Lesson-16.4.3- Describe an experiment to show that a force acts on a current-carrying conductor in a magnetic field, including the effect of reversing: – the current – the direction of the field.

Lesson-16.4.4- State that a current-carrying coil in a magnetic field experiences a turning effect and that the effect is increased by: – increasing the number of turns on the coil – increasing the current – increasing the strength of the magnetic f

Lesson-17.1.1- Describe the structure of an atom in terms of a positive nucleus and negative electrons.

Lesson-17.1.2- Describe the composition of the nucleus in terms of protons and neutrons.

Lesson-17.1.3- State the charges of protons and neutrons.

Lesson-17.1.4- Use the term proton number Z.

Lesson-17.1.5- Use the term nucleon number A.

Lesson-17.1.6- Use the term nuclide and use the nuclide notation A ZX.

Lesson-17.1.7- Use and explain the term isotope.

Lesson-18.1.1.- Demonstrate understanding of background radiation.

Lesson-18.1.2- Describe the detection of α-particles, β-particles and γ-rays (β + are not included: β-particles will be taken to refer to β –).

Lesson-18.1.3- Discuss the random nature of radioactive emission.

Lesson-18.1.3- Discuss the random nature of radioactive emission.

Lesson-18.1.4- Identify α-, β- and γ-emissions by recalling – their nature – their relative ionising effects – their relative penetrating abilities (β + are not included, β-particles will be taken to refer to β –).

Lesson-18.1.5- State the meaning of radioactive decay • State that during α- or β-decay the nucleus changes to that of a different element.

Lesson-18.1.6- Use the term half-life in simple calculations, which might involve information in tables or decay curves.

Lesson-18.1.7- Recall the effects of ionizing radiations on living things.