Cambridge Olevel Physics revision notes
Join us for the "Cambridge OLevel Physics Revision Notes" course. Our comprehensive notes cover motion, forces, energy, and waves, helping you prepare for your ...
Join us for the "Cambridge OLevel Physics Revision Notes" course. Our comprehensive notes cover motion, forces, energy, and waves, helping you prepare for your ...
Welcome to "Cambridge OLevel Physics Revision Notes". This course is designed to help students excel in their Cambridge OLevel Physics exams. Our comprehensive revision notes cover all topics required for the Physics syllabus, providing a strong foundation and ensuring you are well-prepared for your exams.
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Lesson-12.1.6- Describe how the reflection of sound may produce an echo.
Lesson-12.1.5- Relate the loudness and pitch of sound waves to amplitude and frequency.
Lesson-12.1.4- Describe an experiment to determine the speed of sound in air.
Lesson-12.1.3- Show an understanding of the term ultrasound • Show an understanding that a medium is needed to transmit sound waves.
Lesson-12.1.2- State that the approximate range of audible frequencies for a healthy human ear is 20 Hz to 20 000 Hz
Lesson-12.1.1- Describe the production of sound by vibrating sources. Describe the longitudinal nature of sound waves.
Lesson-11.1.5- Demonstrate an awareness of safety issues regarding the use of microwaves and X-rays
Lesson-11.1.4- Describe typical properties and uses of radiations in all the different regions of the electromagnetic spectrum including: – electrical appliances, remote controllers for televisions and intruder alarms (infrared) – medicine and securit
Lesson-11.1.3- Describe typical properties and uses of radiations in all the different regions of the electromagnetic spectrum including: – radio and television communications (radio waves) – satellite television and telephones (microwaves).
Lesson-11.1.2- State that all electromagnetic waves travel with the same high speed in a vacuum.
Lesson-11.1.1- Describe the main features of the electromagnetic spectrum in order of wavelength.
Lesson-10.3.4- Give a qualitative account of the dispersion of light as shown by the action on light of a glass prism including the seven colours of the spectrum in their correct order.
Lesson-10.3.3- Describe the nature of an image using the terms enlarged/same size/diminished and upright/ inverted.
Lesson-10.3.2- Use the terms principal focus and focal length • Draw ray diagrams for the formation of a real image by a single lens.
Lesson-10.3.1- Describe the action of a thin converging lens on a beam of light.
Lesson-10.2.3- Give the meaning of critical angle • Describe internal and total internal reflection.
Lesson-10.2.2- Use the terminology for the angle of incidence i and angle of refraction r and describe the passage of light through parallel-sided transparent material.
Lesson-10.2.1- Describe an experimental demonstration of the refraction of light.
Lesson-10.1.2- Recall and use the law angle of incidence = angle of reflection.
Lesson-10.1.1- Describe the formation of an optical image by a plane mirror, and give its characteristics.
Lesson-9.1.6- Describe the use of water waves to demonstrate reflection, refraction and diffraction.
Lesson-9.1.5- Describe how waves can undergo: – reflection at a plane surface – refraction due to a change of speed – diffraction through a narrow gap.
Lesson-9.1.4- Distinguish between transverse and longitudinal waves and give suitable examples.
Lesson-9.1.3- Use the term wavefront • Give the meaning of speed, frequency, wavelength and amplitude.
Lesson-9.1.2- Describe what is meant by wave motion as illustrated by vibration in ropes and springs and by experiments using water waves.
Lesson-9.1.1- Demonstrate understanding that waves transfer energy without transferring matter.
Lesson-8.3.4- Relate (without calculation) the pressure beneath a liquid surface to depth and to density, using appropriate examples • Use and describe the use of a manometer.
Lesson-8.3.3- Describe the simple mercury barometer and its use in measuring atmospheric pressure.
Lesson-8.3.2- Relate pressure to force and area, using appropriate examples.
Lesson-8.3.1- Recall and use the equation p = F/A
Lesson-8.2.3- Relate (without calculation) power to work done and time taken, using appropriate examples.
Lesson-8.2.2- Relate (without calculation) work done to the magnitude of a force and the distance moved in the direction of the force.
Lesson-8.2.1- Demonstrate understanding that work done = energy transferred.
Lesson-8.1.7- Recall and use the equations: efficiency = useful energy output/ energy input × 100%
Lesson-8.1.6- Give advantages and disadvantages of each method in terms of renewability, cost, reliability, scale and environmental impact.
Lesson-8.1.5- Describe how electricity or other useful forms of energy may be obtained from: – geothermal resources – nuclear fission – heat and light from the Sun (solar cells and panels) – wind.
Lesson-8.1.4- Describe how electricity or other useful forms of energy may be obtained from: – chemical energy stored in fuel – water, including the energy stored in waves, in tides, and in water behind hydroelectric dams.
Lesson-8.1.3- Apply the principle of conservation of energy to simple examples.
Lesson-8.1.2- Recognise that energy is transferred during events and processes, including examples of transfer by forces (mechanical working), by electrical currents (electrical working), by heating and by waves.
Lesson-8.1.1- Identify changes in kinetic, gravitational potential, chemical, elastic (strain), nuclear and internal energy that have occurred as a result of an event or process.
Lesson-7.4.4- Apply the principle of the conservation of momentum to solve simple problems in one dimension.
Lesson-7.4.3- Recall and use the equation for impulse Ft = mv – mu.
Lesson-7.4.2- Recall and use the equation momentum = mass × velocity, p = mv
Lesson-7.4.1- Understand the concepts of momentum and impulse.
Lesson-7.3.4- Determine graphically the resultant of two vectors.
Lesson-7.3.3- Understand that vectors have a magnitude and direction.Demonstrate an understanding of the difference between scalars and vectors and give common examples.
Lesson-7.3.2- Describe qualitatively the effect of the position of the centre of mass on the stability of simple objects.
Lesson-7.3.1- Perform and describe an experiment to determine the position of the centre of mass of a plane lamina.
Lesson-7.2.5- Recognise that, when there is no resultant force and no resultant turning effect, a system is in equilibrium.
Lesson-7.2.4- Apply the principle of moments to the balancing of a beam about a pivot.
Lesson-7.2.3- Calculate moment using the product force × perpendicular distance from the pivot
Lesson-7.2.2- Understand that increasing force or distance from the pivot increases the moment of a force.
Lesson-7.2.1- Describe the moment of a force as a measure of its turning effect and give everyday examples.
Lesson-7.1.7- Describe qualitatively motion in a circular path due to a perpendicular force (F = mv 2/r is not required).
Lesson-7.1.6- Understand friction as the force between two surfaces which impedes motion and results in heating • Recognise air resistance as a form of friction
Lesson-7.1.5- the relationship between force, mass and acceleration (including the direction), F = ma
Lesson-7.1.4- Recognise that if there is no resultant force on a body it either remains at rest or continues at constant speed in a straight line.
Lesson-7.1.3- Describe the ways in which a force may change the motion of a body. Find the resultant of two or more forces acting along the same line.
Lesson-7.1.2- Plot and interpret extension–load graphs and describe the associated experimental procedure.
Lesson-7.1.1- Recognise that a force may produce a change in size and shape of a body.
Lesson-6.1.7- Predict whether an object will float based on density data.
Lesson-6.1.6- Describe the determination of the density of an irregularly shaped solid by the method of displacement.
Lesson-6.1.5- Describe an experiment to determine the density of a liquid and of a regularly shaped solid and make the necessary calculation.
Lesson-6.1.4- Recall and use the equation ρ = m/V
Lesson-6.1.3- Demonstrate understanding that weights (and hence masses) may be compared using a balance.
Lesson-6.1.2- Recall and use the equation W = mg.
Lesson-6.1.1- Show familiarity with the idea of the mass of a body. State that weight is a gravitational force • Distinguish between mass and weight.
Lesson-5.1.6- State that the acceleration of free fall for a body near to the Earth is constant.
Lesson-5.1.5- Demonstrate understanding that acceleration and deceleration are related to changing speed including qualitative analysis of the gradient of a speed–time graph.
Lesson-5.1.4- Calculate the area under a speed–time graph to work out the distance travelled for motion with constant acceleration.
Lesson-5.1.3- Recognise from the shape of a speed–time graph when a body is – at rest – moving with constant speed – moving with changing speed.
Lesson-5.1.2- Plot and interpret a speed–time graph or a distance–time graph.
Lesson-5.1.1- Define speed and calculate average speed from= total distance/ total time
Lesson-4.1.3- Obtain an average value for a small distance and for a short interval of time by measuring multiples (including the period of a pendulum).
Lesson-4.1.2- Use and describe the use of clocks and devices, both analogue and digital, for measuring an interval of time.
Lesson-4.1.1- Use and describe the use of rules and measuring cylinders to find a length or a volume.
Lesson-3.1.5- Identify and explain some of the everyday applications and consequences of conduction, convection and radiation.
Lesson-3.1.4- Describe the effect of surface colour (black or white) and texture (dull or shiny) on the emission, absorption and reflection of radiation.
Lesson-3.1.3- Identify infrared radiation as part of the electromagnetic spectrum. Recognise that thermal energy transfer by radiation does not require a medium.
Lesson-3.1.2- Recognise convection as an important method of thermal transfer in fluids. Relate convection in fluids to density changes and describe experiments to illustrate convection.
Lesson-3.1.1- Describe experiments to demonstrate the properties of good and bad thermal conductors.
Lesson-2.2.5- State the meaning of melting point and boiling point. Describe condensation and solidification in terms of molecules.
Lesson-2.2.4- Describe melting and boiling in terms of energy input without a change in temperature.
Lesson-2.2.3- Relate a rise in the temperature of a body to an increase in its internal energy. Show an understanding of what is meant by the thermal capacity of a body.
Lesson-2.2.2- Recognize the need for and identify fixed points. Describe and explain the structure and action of liquid-in-glass thermometers.
Lesson-2.2.1- Appreciate how a physical property that varies with temperature may be used for the measurement of temperature, and state examples of such properties.
Lesson-2.1.2- Identify and explain some of the everyday applications and consequences of thermal expansion.
Lesson-2.1.1- Thermal expansion of solids, liquids and gases. Thermal expansion of solids, liquids and gases.
Lesson-1.2.3- Describe qualitatively, in terms of molecules, the effect on the pressure of a gas of: – a change of temperature at constant volume – a change of volume at constant temperature.
Lesson-1.2.2- Relate evaporation to the consequent cooling of the liquid.
Lesson-1.2.1- Describe evaporation in terms of the escape of more-energetic molecules from the surface of a liquid.
Lesson-1.1.5- Describe this motion (sometimes known as Brownian motion) in terms of random molecular bombardment.
Lesson-1.1.4- Show an understanding of the random motion of particles in a suspension as evidence for the kinetic molecular model of matter.
Lesson-1.1.3-Interpret the temperature of a gas in terms of the motion of its molecules. Describe qualitatively the pressure of a gas in terms of the motion of its molecules.
Lesson-1.1.2- Describe qualitatively the molecular structure of solids, liquids and gases in terms of the arrangement, separation and motion of the molecules.
Lesson-1.1.1- States of matter. State the distinguishing properties of solids, liquids and gases.
Lesson-13.1.1- Describe the forces between magnets, and between magnets and magnetic materials.
Lesson-13.1.2- Give an account of induced magnetism • Distinguish between magnetic and non-magnetic materials.
Lesson-13.1.3- Describe methods of magnetisation, to include stroking with a magnet, use of direct current (d.c.) in a coil and hammering in a magnetic field.
Lesson-13.1.4- Draw the pattern of magnetic field lines around a bar magnet.
Lesson-13.1.5- Describe an experiment to identify the pattern of magnetic field lines, including the direction.
Lesson-13.1.6- Distinguish between the magnetic properties of soft iron and steel.
Lesson-13.1.7- Distinguish between the design and use of permanent magnets and electromagnets.
Lesson-14.1.1- State that there are positive and negative charges • State that unlike charges attract and that like charges repel.
Lesson-14.1.2- Describe simple experiments to show the production and detection of electrostatic charges.
Lesson-14.1.4- Distinguish between electrical conductors and insulators and give typical examples.
Lesson-14.2.1- Show understanding that a current is a rate of flow of charge and recall and use the equation I = Q/t.
Lesson-14.2.2- Use and describe the use of an ammeter, both analogue and digital • State that current in metals is due to a flow of electrons.
Lesson-14.3.1- • State that the electromotive force (e.m.f.) of an electrical source of energy is measured in volts.
Lesson-14.4.1- State that the potential difference (p.d.) across a circuit component is measured in volts.
Lesson-14.4.2- Use and describe the use of a voltmeter, both analogue and digital.
Lesson-14.5.1- State that resistance = p.d. / current and understand qualitatively how changes in p.d. or resistance affect current.
Lesson-14.5.2- Recall and use the equation R = V/I.
Lesson-14.5.3- Describe an experiment to determine resistance using a voltmeter and an ammeter.
Lesson-14.5.4- Relate (without calculation) the resistance of a wire to its length and to its diameter.
Lesson-14.5.5- Understand that electric circuits transfer energy from the battery or power source to the circuit components then into the surroundings.
Lesson-15.1.1- Draw and interpret circuit diagrams containing sources, switches, resistors (fixed and variable), heaters, thermistors, light-dependent resistors, lamps, ammeters, voltmeters, galvanometers, magnetising coils, transformers, bells, fuses and
Lesson-15.1.2- Understand that the current at every point in a series circuit is the same • Give the combined resistance of two or more resistors in series.
Lesson-15.1.3- State that, for a parallel circuit, the current from the source is larger than the current in each branch.
Lesson-15.1.4- State that the combined resistance of two resistors in parallel is less than that of either resistor by itself.
Lesson-15.1.5- State the advantages of connecting lamps in parallel in a lighting circuit.
Lesson-15.2.1- Describe the action of a variable potential divider (potentiometer).
Lesson-15.2.2- Describe the action of thermistors and light dependent resistors and show understanding of their use as input transducers.
Lesson-15.2.3- Describe the action of a relay and show understanding of its use in switching circuits.
Lesson-15.3.1- Explain and use the terms analogue and digital in terms of continuous variation and high/low states.
Lesson-15.3.2- Describe the action of NOT, AND, OR, NAND and NOR gates.
Lesson-15.3.3- Recall and use the symbols for logic gates • Design and understand simple digital circuits combining several logic gates.
Lesson-15.3.4- Use truth tables to describe the action of individual gates and simple combinations of gates.
Lesson-16.1.1- State the hazards of: – damaged insulation – overheating of cables – damp conditions.
Lesson-16.1.2- State that a fuse protects a circuit • Explain the use of fuses and circuit breakers and choose appropriate fuse ratings and circuit breaker settings.
Lesson-16.1.3- Explain the benefits of earthing metal cases
Lesson-16.2.1- Show understanding that a conductor moving across a magnetic field or a changing magnetic field linking with a conductor can induce an e.m.f. in the conductor.
Lesson-16.2.2- Describe an experiment to demonstrate electromagnetic induction.
Lesson-16.2.3- State the factors affecting the magnitude of an induced e.m.f.
Lesson-16.2.4- Describe and explain a rotating-coil generator and the use of slip rings • Sketch a graph of voltage output against time for a simple a.c. generator • Relate the position of the generator coil to the peaks and zeros of the voltage outpu
Lesson-16.3.1- Describe the construction of a basic transformer with a soft-iron core, as used for voltage transformations.
Lesson-16.3.2- Recall and use the equation (V p/Vs) = (Np/Ns)
Lesson-16.3.3- Understand the terms step-up and step-down • Describe the use of the transformer in high-voltage transmission of electricity.
Lesson-16.3.4- Give the advantages of high-voltage transmission.
Lesson-16.4.1- Describe the pattern of the magnetic field (including direction) due to currents in straight wires and in solenoids
Lesson-16.4.2- Describe applications of the magnetic effect of current, including the action of a relay.
Lesson-16.4.3- Describe an experiment to show that a force acts on a current-carrying conductor in a magnetic field, including the effect of reversing: – the current – the direction of the field.
Lesson-16.4.4- State that a current-carrying coil in a magnetic field experiences a turning effect and that the effect is increased by: – increasing the number of turns on the coil – increasing the current – increasing the strength of the magnetic f
Lesson-17.1.1- Describe the structure of an atom in terms of a positive nucleus and negative electrons.
Lesson-17.1.2- Describe the composition of the nucleus in terms of protons and neutrons.
Lesson-17.1.3- State the charges of protons and neutrons.
Lesson-17.1.4- Use the term proton number Z.
Lesson-17.1.5- Use the term nucleon number A.
Lesson-17.1.6- Use the term nuclide and use the nuclide notation A ZX.
Lesson-17.1.7- Use and explain the term isotope.
Lesson-18.1.1.- Demonstrate understanding of background radiation.
Lesson-18.1.2- Describe the detection of α-particles, β-particles and γ-rays (β + are not included: β-particles will be taken to refer to β –).
Lesson-18.1.3- Discuss the random nature of radioactive emission.
Lesson-18.1.3- Discuss the random nature of radioactive emission.
Lesson-18.1.4- Identify α-, β- and γ-emissions by recalling – their nature – their relative ionising effects – their relative penetrating abilities (β + are not included, β-particles will be taken to refer to β –).
Lesson-18.1.5- State the meaning of radioactive decay • State that during α- or β-decay the nucleus changes to that of a different element.
Lesson-18.1.6- Use the term half-life in simple calculations, which might involve information in tables or decay curves.
Lesson-18.1.7- Recall the effects of ionizing radiations on living things.
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