Lesson-1.1.5- the relationship for pressure difference: pressure difference = height × density × gravitational field strength p = h × ρ × g

Lesson-1.1.4- understand how the pressure at a point in a gas or liquid at rest acts equally in all directions

Lesson-1.1.3- the relationship between pressure, force and area: pressure =force/area p =F/A

Lesson-1.1.2- investigate density using direct measurements of mass and volume.

Lesson-1.1.1- The relationship between density, mass and volume: density = mass/volume ρ =m/V

Lesson-2.2.6- use the relationship between the pressure and volume of a fixed mass of gas at constant temperature: p1V1 = p2V2

Lesson-2.2.5- the relationship between the pressure and Kelvin temperature of a fixed mass of gas at constant volume: p1 /T1 = p2/T2

Lesson-2.2.4- for a fixed amount of gas, the qualitative relationship between: • pressure and volume at constant temperature • pressure and Kelvin temperature at constant volume.

Lesson-2.2.3- the Kelvin temperature of a gas is proportional to the average kinetic energy of its molecules.

Lesson-2.2.2- the Kelvin scale of temperature and be able to convert between the Kelvin and Celsius scales | the Kelvin scale of temperature and be able to convert between the Kelvin and Celsius scales?

Lesson-2.2.1- how molecules in a gas have random motion and that they exert a force and hence a pressure on the walls of a container | why there is an absolute zero of temperature which is –273 °C

Lesson-2.1.5-practical: investigate the specific heat capacity of materials including water and some solids

Lesson-2.1.4- change in thermal energy = mass × specific heat capacity × change in temperature ΔQ = m × c × ΔT

Lesson-2.1.3- specific heat capacity is the energy required to change the temperature of an object by one degree Celsius per kilogram of mass (J/kg °C)

Lesson-2.1.2- the arrangement and motion of particles in solids, liquids and gases.

Lesson-2.1.1- heating a system will change the energy stored within the system and raise its temperature or produce changes of state

Lesson-3.1.5- the distance travelled from the area between a velocity−time graph and the time axis. the relationship between final speed, initial speed, acceleration and distance moved: (final speed)2 = (initial speed)2 + (2 × acceleration × distance

Lesson-3.1.4- plot and explain velocity-time graphs. determine acceleration from the gradient of a velocity−time graph.

Lesson-3.1.3- the relationship between acceleration, change in velocity and time taken: acceleration = change in velocity/time taken a = (v-u)/t

Lesson-3.1.2- practical: investigate the motion of everyday objects such as toy cars or tennis balls.

Lesson-3.1.1- Understanding average speed. plot and explain distance−time graphs. the relationship between average speed, distance moved and time taken: average speed = distance moved / time taken.

Lesson-4.3.4- the upward forces on a light beam, supported at its ends, vary with the position of a heavy object placed on the beam.

Lesson-4.3.3- the weight of a body acts through its center of gravity.the principle of moments for a simple system of parallel forces acting in one plane.

Lesson-4.3.2- the relationship between the moment of a force and its perpendicular distance from the pivot: moment = force × perpendicular distance from the pivot.

Lesson-4.3.1- demonstrate an understanding of Newton’s third law.

Lesson-4.2.5- the relationship between force, change in momentum and time taken: force =change in momentum/ time taken. F = (mv-mu)/ t

Lesson-4.2.4- the idea of momentum to explain safety features. the conservation of momentum to calculate the mass, velocity or momentum of objects.

Lesson-4.2.3- the relationship between momentum, mass and velocity: momentum = mass × velocity p = m × v

Lesson-4.2.2- describe elastic behaviour as the ability of a material to recover its original shape after the forces causing deformation have been removed.

Lesson-4.2.1- the initial linear region of a force-extension graph is associated with Hooke’s law.

Lesson-4.1.9- practical: investigate how extension varies with applied force for helical springs, metal wires and rubber bands

Lesson-4.1.8- describe the forces acting on falling objects (and explain why falling objects reach a terminal velocity)

Lesson-4.1.7- the factors affecting vehicle stopping distance, including speed, mass, road condition and reaction time

Lesson-4.1.6- the stopping distance of a vehicle is made up of the sum of the thinking distance and the braking distance.

Lesson-4.1.5- the relationship between weight, mass and gravitational field strength: weight = mass × gravitational field strength W = m × g

Lesson-4.1.4- the relationship between unbalanced force, mass and acceleration: force = mass × acceleration F = m × a

Lesson-4.1.3- calculate the resultant force of forces that act along a line. friction is a force that opposes motion.

Lesson-4.1.2- understand how vector quantities differ from scalar quantities. understand that force is a vector quantity.

Lesson-4.1.1- the effects of forces between bodies such as changes in speed, shape or direction. different types of force such as gravitational or electrostatic.

Lesson-5.1.10- explain ways of reducing unwanted energy transfer, such as insulation.

Lesson-5.1.9-practical: investigate thermal energy transfer by conduction, convection and radiation.

Lesson-5.1.8-explain how emission and absorption of radiation are related to surface and temperature.

Lesson-5.1.7- explain the role of convection in everyday phenomena.

Lesson-5.1.6- describe how thermal energy transfer may take place by conduction, convection and radiation.

Lesson-5.1.5- describe a variety of everyday and scientific devices and situations, explaining the transfer of the input energy in terms of the above relationship, including their representation by Sankey diagrams.

Lesson-5.1.4- know and use the relationship between efficiency, useful energy output and total energy output: efficiency = useful energy output/total energy output ×100%

Lesson-5.1.3- use the principle of conservation of energy.

Lesson-5.1.2- describe energy transfers involving energy stores:energy transfers: mechanically, electrically, by heating, by radiation (light and sound).

Lesson-5.1.1- describe energy transfers involving energy stores: • energy stores: chemical, kinetic, gravitational, elastic, thermal, magnetic, electrostatic, nuclear.

Lesson-6.1.7- the relationship between power, work done (energy transferred) and time taken: power =work done/time taken P = W/t

Lesson-6.1.6- describe power as the rate of transfer of energy or the rate of doing work.

Lesson-6.1.5- understand how conservation of energy produces a link between gravitational potential energy, kinetic energy and work.

Lesson-6.1.4- know and use the relationship: kinetic energy = 1/2 × mass × speed^2 KE = 1/2× m× v^2

Lesson-6.1.3- know and use the relationship between gravitational potential energy, mass, gravitational field strength and height: gravitational potential energy = mass × gravitational field strength × height GPE = m × g × h

Lesson-6.1.2- know that work done is equal to energy transferred.

Lesson-6.1.1- know and use the relationship between work done, force and distance moved in the direction of the force: work done = force × distance moved W = F × d

Lesson-7.1.4- describe the advantages and disadvantages of methods of large-scale electricity production from various renewable and non-renewable resources.

Lesson-7.1.3- describe the energy transfers involved in generating electricity using: • fossil fuels • nuclear power.

Lesson-7.1.2- describe the energy transfers involved in generating electricity using: • solar heating systems solar cells.

Lesson-7.1.1- describe the energy transfers involved in generating electricity using: • wind • water • geothermal resources.

Lesson-8.1.8- explain that all waves can be reflected and refracted.

Lesson-8.1.7- explain why there is a change in the observed frequency and wavelength of a wave when its source is moving relative to an observer, and that this is known as the Doppler effect.

Lesson-8.1.6- the above relationships in different contexts including sound waves and electromagnetic waves.

Lesson-8.1.5- the relationship between frequency and time period: frequency = 1/time period. f = 1/ T

Lesson-8.1.4- know and use the relationship between the speed, frequency and wavelength of a wave: wave speed = frequency × wavelength v = f × λ

Lesson-8.1.3- know that waves transfer energy and information without transferring matter.

Lesson-8.1.2- the definitions of amplitude, wavefront, frequency, wavelength and period of a wave.

Lesson-8.1.1- explain the difference between longitudinal and transverse waves.

Lesson-9.1.7- explain the detrimental effects of excessive exposure of the human body to electromagnetic waves, including: • ultraviolet: damage to surface cells and blindness • gamma rays: cancer, mutation and describe simple protective measures agai

Lesson-9.1.6- explain the detrimental effects of excessive exposure of the human body to electromagnetic waves, including: • microwaves: internal heating of body tissue • infrared: skin burns.

Lesson-9.1.5- explain some of the uses of electromagnetic radiations, including: • x-rays: observing the internal structure of objects and materials, including for medical applications • gamma rays: sterilising food and medical equipment.

Lesson-9.1.4- explain some of the uses of electromagnetic radiations, including: • visible light: optical fibres and photography • ultraviolet: fluorescent lamps.

Lesson-9.1.3- explain some of the uses of electromagnetic radiations, including: • radio waves: broadcasting and communications • microwaves: cooking and satellite transmissions • infrared: heaters and night vision equipment.

Lesson- 9.1.2- know the order of the electromagnetic spectrum in terms of decreasing wavelength and increasing frequency, including the colours of the visible spectrum.

Lesson-9.1.1- know that light is part of a continuous electromagnetic spectrum that includes radio, microwave, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, x-ray and gamma ray radiations and that all these waves travel at the same speed in free space.

Lesson-10.2.7- understand how the loudness of a sound relates to the amplitude of vibration of the source.

Lesson-10.2.6- understand how the pitch of a sound relates to the frequency of vibration of the source.

Lesson-10.2.5- practical: investigate the frequency of a sound wave using an oscilloscope.

Lesson-10.2.4- understand how an oscilloscope and microphone can be used to display a sound wave.

Lesson-10.2.3- know that the frequency range for human hearing is 20–20 000 Hz. practical: investigate the speed of sound in air.

Lesson-10.2.2- know that sound waves are longitudinal waves which can be reflected and refracted.

Lesson-10.2.1- know and use the relationship between critical angle and refractive index: sin c = 1 / n

Lesson-10.1.7- explain the meaning of critical angle c.

Lesson-10.1.6- describe the role of total internal reflection in transmitting information along optical fibres and in prisms.

Lesson-10.1.5- practical: investigate the refractive index of glass, using a glass block.

Lesson-10.1.4- know and use the relationship between refractive index, angle of incidence and angle of refraction: n= sin i/ sin r

Lesson-10.1.3- practical: investigate the refraction of light, using rectangular blocks, semi-circular blocks and triangular prisms.

Lesson-10.1.2-use the law of reflection (the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection). draw ray diagrams to illustrate reflection and refraction.

Lesson-10.1.1-know that light waves are transverse waves and that they can be reflected and refracted.

Lesson-11.1.1- use the following units: ampere (A), coulomb (C), joule (J), ohm (Ω), second (s), volt (V) and watt (W)

Lesson-11.1.2- the use of insulation, double insulation, earthing, fuses and circuit breakers protects the device or user in a range of domestic appliances.

Lesson-11.1.3- understand why a current in a resistor results in the electrical transfer of energy and an increase in temperature, and how this can be used in a variety of domestic contexts

Lesson-11.1.4- know and use the relationship between power, current and voltage: power = current × voltage P = I × V and apply the relationship to the selection of appropriate fuses.

Lesson-11.1.5- the relationship between energy transferred, current, voltage and time: energy transferred = current × voltage × time E = I × V x t

Lesson-11.1.6- the difference between mains electricity being alternating current (a.c.) and direct current (d.c.) being supplied by a cell or battery

Lesson-12.1.1- explain why a series or parallel circuit is more appropriate for particular applications, including domestic lighting | understand how the current in a series circuit depends on the applied voltage and the number and nature of other compone

Lesson-12.1.2- describe how current varies with voltage in wires, resistors, metal filament lamps and diodes, and how to investigate this experimentally

Lesson-12.1.3- describe the qualitative effect of changing resistance on the current in a circuit. | the qualitative variation of resistance of light-dependent resistors (LDRs) with illumination and thermistors with temperature.

Lesson-12.1.4- know that lamps and LEDs can be used to indicate the presence of a current in a circuit.

Lesson-12.1.5- know and use the relationship between voltage, current and resistance: voltage = current × resistance V = I × R | know that current is the rate of flow of charge

Lesson-12.1.6- know and use the relationship between charge, current and time: charge = current × time Q = I × t

Lesson-12.1.7- know that electric current in solid metallic conductors is a flow of negatively charged electrons. understand why current is conserved at a junction in a circuit.

Lesson-12.1.8- know that the voltage across two components connected in parallel is the same. calculate the currents, voltages and resistances of two resistive components connected in a series circuit.

Lesson-12.1.9- know that: • voltage is the energy transferred per unit charge passed • the volt is a joule per coulomb.

Lesson-12.1.10- know and use the relationship between energy transferred, charge and voltage: energy transferred = charge × voltage E = Q × V

Lesson-12.2.1- identify common materials which are electrical conductors or insulators, including metals and plastics.

Lesson-12.2.2- practical: investigate how insulating materials can be charged by friction.

Lesson-12.2.3- explain how positive and negative electrostatic charges are produced on materials by the loss and gain of electrons.

Lesson-12.2.4- know that there are forces of attraction between unlike charges and forces of repulsion between like charges.

Lesson-12.2.5- explain electrostatic phenomena in terms of the movement of electrons. explain the potential dangers of electrostatic charges, e.g. when fueling aircraft and tankers.

Lesson-12.2.6- know that there are forces of attraction between unlike charges and forces of repulsion between like charges.

Lesson-12.2.7- explain some uses of electrostatic charges, e.g. in photocopiers and inkjet printers.

Lesson-13.1.1- use the following units: ampere (A), volt (V) and watt (W). know that magnets repel and attract other magnets and attract magnetic substances.

Lesson-13.1.2- describe the properties of magnetically hard and soft materials. understand the term magnetic field line.

Lesson-13.1.3-know that magnetism is induced in some materials when they are placed in a magnetic field.

Lesson-13.1.4- practical: investigate the magnetic field pattern for a permanent bar magnet and between two bar magnets.

Lesson-13.1.5- describe how to use two permanent magnets to produce a uniform magnetic field pattern.

Lesson-14.1.1- know that an electric current in a conductor produces a magnetic field around it.

Lesson-14.1.2- describe the construction of electromagnets. draw magnetic field patterns for a straight wire, a flat circular coil and a solenoid when each is carrying a current.

Lesson-14.1.3- know that there is a force on a charged particle when it moves in a magnetic field as long as its motion is not parallel to the field.

Lesson-14.1.4- understand why a force is exerted on a current-carrying wire in a magnetic field, and how this effect is applied in simple d.c. electric motors and loudspeakers.

Lesson-14.1.5- use the left-hand rule to predict the direction of the resulting force when a wire carries a current perpendicular to a magnetic field.

Lesson-14.1.6- describe how the force on a current-carrying conductor in a magnetic field changes with the magnitude and direction of the field and current.

Lesson-15.1.1- know that a voltage is induced in a conductor or a coil when it moves through a magnetic field or when a magnetic field changes through it and describe the factors that affect the size of the induced voltage.

Lesson-15.1.2- describe the generation of electricity by the rotation of a magnet within a coil of wire and of a coil of wire within a magnetic field, and describe the factors that affect the size of the induced voltage.

Lesson-15.1.3- describe the structure of a transformer, and understand that a transformer changes the size of an alternating voltage by having different numbers of turns on the input and output sides.

Lesson-15.1.4- explain the use of step-up and step-down transformers in the large-scale generation and transmission of electrical energy.

Lesson-15.1.5- know and use the relationship between input (primary) and output (secondary) voltages and the turns ratio for a transformer: input (primary) voltage/output (secondary) voltage = primary turns/ secondary turns

Lesson-15.1.6- know and use the relationship: input power = output power Vp I p = Vs Is for 100% efficiency

Lesson-16.1.1- use the following units: becquerel (Bq), centimeter (cm), hour (h), minute (min) and second (s). describe the structure of an atom in terms of protons, neutrons and electrons and use symbols such as 14 6 c to describe particular nuclei

Lesson-16.1.2- know the terms atomic (proton) number, mass (nucleon) number and isotope.

Lesson-16.1.3- know that alpha (α) particles, beta (β−) particles, and gamma (γ) rays are ionizing radiations emitted from unstable nuclei in a random process.

Lesson-16.1.4- describe the nature of alpha (α) particles, beta (β−) particles, and gamma (γ) rays, and recall that they may be distinguished in terms of penetrating power and ability to ionize.

Lesson-16.1.5- practical: investigate the penetration powers of different types of radiation using either radioactive sources or simulations.

Lesson-16.1.6- describe the effects on the atomic and mass numbers of a nucleus of the emission of each of the four main types of radiation (alpha, beta, gamma and neutron radiation). understand how to balance nuclear equations in terms of mass and charge

Lesson-16.1.7- know that photographic film or a Geiger−Müller detector can detect ionizing radiations.

Lesson-16.1.8- explain the sources of background (ionizing) radiation from Earth and space. know that the activity of a radioactive source decreases over a period of time and is measured in becquerels.

Lesson-16.1.9- know the definition of the term half-life and understand that it is different for different radioactive isotopes.

Lesson-16.1.10- use the concept of the half-life to carry out simple calculations on activity, including graphical methods. describe uses of radioactivity in industry and medicine.

Lesson-16.1.11- describe uses of radioactivity in industry and medicine. describe the difference between contamination and irradiation.

Lesson-16.1.12- describe the dangers of ionising radiations, including: • that radiation can cause mutations in living organisms • that radiation can damage cells and tissue • the problems arising from the disposal of radioactive waste and how the a

Lesson-17.1.1- know that nuclear reactions, including fission, fusion and radioactive decay, can be a source of energy.

Lesson-17.1.2- understand how a nucleus of U-235 can be split (the process of fission) by collision with a neutron, and that this process releases energy as kinetic energy of the fission products.

Lesson-17.1.3- know that the fission of U-235 produces two radioactive daughter nuclei and a small number of neutrons. describe how a chain reaction can be set up if the neutrons produced by one fission strike other U-235 nuclei.

Lesson-17.1.4- describe the role played by the control rods and moderator in the fission process. understand the role of shielding around a nuclear reactor.

Lesson-17.1.5- explain the difference between nuclear fusion and nuclear fission. describe nuclear fusion as the creation of larger nuclei resulting in a loss of mass from smaller nuclei, accompanied by a release of energy.

Lesson-17.1.6- know that fusion is the energy source for stars. explain why nuclear fusion does not happen at low temperatures and pressures, due to electrostatic repulsion of protons.

Lesson-18.1.1- use the following units: kilogram (kg), metre (m), metre/second (m/s), metre/second2 (m/s2), newton (N), second (s), newton/kilogram (N/kg).

Lesson-18.1.2- know that: • the universe is a large collection of billions of galaxies • a galaxy is a large collection of billions of stars • our solar system is in the Milky Way galaxy.

Lesson-18.1.3- understand why gravitational field strength, g, varies and know that it is different on other planets and the Moon from that on the Earth.

Lesson-18.1.4- explain that gravitational force: • causes moons to orbit planets • causes the planets to orbit the Sun • causes artificial satellites to orbit the Earth • causes comets to orbit the Sun.

Lesson-18.1.5- describe the differences in the orbits of comets, moons and planets.

Lesson-18.1.6- use the relationship between orbital speed, orbital radius and time period: orbital speed = 2 ×π ×orbitalradius/time period v=2× π× r/T

Lesson-20.1.1- describe the past evolution of the universe and the main arguments in favour of the Big Bang.

Lesson-20.1.2- describe evidence that supports the Big Bang theory (red-shift and cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation).

Lesson-20.1.3- describe that if a wave source is moving relative to an observer there will be a change in the observed frequency and wavelength.

Lesson-20.1.4- use the equation relating change in wavelength, wavelength, velocity of a galaxy and the speed of light: reference wavelength/change in wavelength=velocity of a galaxy/speed of light (λ−λ0)/λ0=Δλ/λ0 =v/c

Lesson-20.1.5- describe the red-shift in light received from galaxies at different distances away from the Earth.

Lesson-20.1.6- explain why the red-shift of galaxies provides evidence for the expansion of the universe.